This will not be a guide to build your own filament extruder, there’s already a very good guide by Ian McMill on instructables, which incidentally I followed to build my own version.

This is a report of my own experience with trying to obtain 3d-printer-worth filament out of plastic PET bottles.

I was enthusiastic of this video of the russian survivalist The Lawyer Egorov (who by the way has a supercool channel on youtube for you hardcore people):

who built a contraption to get a very strong string (pun not intended) out of scrap plastic bottles. This, I thought, would have been great fodder for my next to be PET filament machine.

Fast forward to yesterday night/this morning. I had been sourcing parts off the local shops and eletronics from foreign sellers on ebay, and in the spare time finally built this revision of my machine:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After I noticed the PET inside the terminal part of the tube was melting, I started the motor, and this is what happened… not much as the pressure inside the tube was low, there wasn’t much material in the column, and since cutting BY HAND the PET string I had was superboring I didn’t really make the small flakes needed for them to be easily transported.

I increased the quantity of PET flakes in the intake, and pressed them down with a screwdriver handle, so the volume of melted mass on the front increased some.

At this point I decided to place the cap with the nozzle drilled in (1.5mm diameter) and in fact some goo started flowing out and quite rapidly solidifying; the quality of this solidified goo appeared “better”, as the surface was very shiny, but it soon stopped flowing out, and when later I unscrewed the cap I realized it was clogged, as a lot of melted material was idling back there and quickly blobbed outside.

So this is the scenario that presented itself when I uncapped the tube:

At this point I decided my adventure with PET had come to an end. Or rather, my experiments did, since I decided since the night before that I wouldn’t be making PET filament for my 3D printer out of plastic bottles: the processing required to this objective it WAY too much. You need to find a way to satisfactorily grind the plastic, after obviously you cleaned the bottles, and after that you should still dry the flakes at 80°+ degrees to avoid water buildup inside which would drasticaly decrease the final product quality. I would totally prefer spending 20€ per roll of cheap black PLA over this.

You also need to take into account the real life scenario, that is, PRINTING with said filament, because that’s the reason you’re doing it, apart from the fact that you’re just a hopeless nerd like me. A printer’s nozzle is SMALL, and nasty things, even if tiny, can clog it; if said nasty things are inside the filament, then no filament filter is going to hep you; they WILL pile up in the nozzle and sooner than later you’ll have to disassemble the nozzle assembly and do nasty things to take it out, like flaming the nozzle to melt the stuff inside and scooping it out with a piece of filament. Don’t trust the cold pull, it didn’t help me when I needed it. Flaming the nozzle instead, it did help me.
Finally, you have to get a decent diameter filament, AND getting that diameter the most constant possible, because if on one side you can change the extrusion rate in your slicing program to take into account the real filament size, on the other there’s nothing you can do to balance a poorly sized filament, and either you will get extruder skipping steps because of a too big filament, or an extruder skipping steps because the filament is too tiny.

In my brightest dreams I supposed I would be producing crystal clear filament out of plastic bottles, heck maybe even multicolored transparent filament since all bottles are slightly coloured.

 

Final tecnical considerations
By Ian’s own words, with which I agree, the downfall of this method is the feed system: PET can be a great material, yet a DIY extruder like this one does not allow for much leeway, you need to keep the material flowing forward, and for this you need a granulate which can progress easily in the pipe, and at the same time you also need a constant supply in the back.
So, first off, you need to have a ready made supply of flakes, and obviously cannot just improvise by cutting little piece by little piece on the fly like I did (I was desperate to try, I admit it), and even better you need proper sized pellets, not too large but sufficiently thick! Since PET flakes are flat, they easily adjust in the space between the auger bit and the pipe, and they do not progress further very well; also, if you use a string of PET, it will just roll around the auger in one place (where you feed it through) and not progress forward, but instead slowing down and loading heavily the motor by creating a thick wrap on the drill.
You MIGHT melt bottles whole as they are (how?), and use the obtained solidified blob to create smaller pellets, maybe by hammering the glass-like goo. Still, it will take time, and it’s a messy procedure. Unless you can devise a method to do it without much human intervention, it’s going to cost resources anyway, and you may reconsider the whole thing, and maybe just buy pre-made filament, or a commercial extruder plus finding a local supplier of ABS pellets (not your average ebay seller who asks outrageous sums for 3d printing pellets, but a local plastics industry which works with pellets to make for example injection molded items, where you would pay as low as 2€ per kg of granulate).

 

And now some resources:

• RepRap blog: manual extrusion of PET string
• Short review of plastics recycleable in 3D printing on the Perpetual Plastic Project
• Academic research regarding filament extrusion from PET plastic bottles (the best method I found yet, even if TOTALLY unpractical for everyday use):

• HDPE filament from milk jugs extrusion test (middle part of a trilogy):

 

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Dopo una terribile esperienza con l’inserimento manuale di tutti i dati delle fatture degli scorsi anni, ho programmato nel mio gestionale la fatturazione automatica, e così con i dati grezzi a disposizione mi sono deciso a studiare il formato del file dello spesometro, e sono quindi riuscito a crearlo in modo corretto, pronto per essere inviato con estensione ccf all’agenzia delle entrate.

Il file non è in formato XML, ma in formato testuale con una codifica ben precisa e stringente, scomoda da utilizzare, e ancor prima da capire.

Ad ogni modo, il software che ho scritto è in grado di leggere i dati (a partire da Excel o da un file CSV) di fatture emesse (modulo FE, SOLO per contribuenti operanti in regime di esezione IVA… come il sottoscritto; ho deciso di non spendere tempo a prevedere anche le fatture con IVA non producendole) e fatture ricevute (modulo FR), sia con imposta che esenti IVA, e compilare l’intero file dello spesometro.

Offro quindi la possibilità a chi sia interessato di creare tale file, a partire dai vostri dati fiscali e elenchi di fatture; è sufficiente scrivermi in privato o sui commenti per ottenere una quotazione.